The 10th Anniversary of Biomedicines—Translational Laboratory and Experimental Medicine for the Sake of Neurological Diseases and Mental Illnesses features a collection of 21 groundbreaking papers commemorating a decade of pioneering research into the complexities of the human mind, neurological diseases, and mental illnesses. This reprint explores the complex interactions that occur within the human brain, including neuroplasticity, cognitive responses, and the influence of aging and pathological conditions on behavior. Researchers and clinicians have dedicated themselves to bridging the gap between laboratory discoveries and clinical applications, unraveling the mysteries of brain function and mental health, and proposing novel therapeutic approaches and potential advances in the field. This articles included in this Special Issue crucially elucidate the mechanisms that underpin neurological disorders and mental illnesses by investigating neural circuits, plasticity, and brain adaptation. From studying the brain's ability to recover after a stroke to investigating the relationship between neural activity and cognitive function, this collection of papers exemplifies the unwavering dedication and innovation of biomedicine. As we commemorate a decade of groundbreaking research, these findings pave the way for future studies that aim to enhance the lives of people suffering from neurological conditions and mental health illnesses.

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Advancements in medical imaging modalities have resulted in increasing the importance and demand of pediatric radiology. This reprint showcases various examples of advanced research in pediatric radiology and nuclear medicine. These include the use of medical imaging modalities such as computed tomography, general radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, single-photon emission computed tomography, and ultrasound for diagnosis, as well as the performance of artificial intelligence (AI) in computer-aided detection and diagnosis in the pediatric population. The radiation dose issue of pediatric radiological examinations and emerging AI technology for dose reduction, as well as the use of three-dimensional printing based on medical images for pediatric surgical planning, healthcare professional education, and patient–clinician communication are also covered.

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Optical fiber communication industry has gained unprecedented opportunities and achieved rapid progress in recent years. However, with the increase of data transmission volume and the enhancement of transmission demand, the optical communication field still needs to be upgraded to better meet the challenges in the future development. Artificial intelligence technology in optical communication and optical network is still in its infancy, but the existing achievements show great application potential. In the future, with the further development of artificial intelligence technology, AI algorithms combining channel characteristics and physical properties will shine in optical communication. This reprint introduces some recent advances in optical fiber communication and optical network, and provides alternative directions for the development of the next generation optical fiber communication technology.

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"AI and the Technological Singularity: A Fallacy or a Great Opportunity" is a collection of essays that addresses the question of whether the technological singularity—the notion that AI-based computers can program the next generation of AI-based computers until a singularity is achieved, where an AI-based computer can exceed human intelligence—is a fallacy or a great opportunity. The group of scholars that address this question have a variety of positions on the singularity, ranging from advocates to skeptics. No conclusion can be reached, as the development of artificial intelligence is still in its infancy, and there is much wishful thinking and imagination in this issue rather than trustworthy data. The reader will find a cogent summary of the issues faced by researchers who are working to develop the field of artificial intelligence and, in particular, artificial general intelligence. The only conclusion that can be reached is that there exists a variety of well-argued positions as to where AI research is headed.

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This Special Issue of Arts investigates the use of digital methods in the study of art markets and their histories. As historical and contemporary data is rapidly becoming more available, and digital technologies are becoming integral to research in the humanities and social sciences, we sought to bring together contributions that reflect on the different strategies that art market scholars employ to navigate and negotiate digital techniques and resources. The essays in this issue cover a wide range of topics and research questions. Taken together, the essays offer a reflection on what takes to research art markets, which includes addressing difficult topics such as the nature of the research questions and the data available to us, and the conceptual aspects of art markets, in order to define and operationalize variables and to interpret visual and statistical patterns for scholarship. In our view, this discussion is enriched when also taking into account how to use shared or interoperable ontologies and vocabularies to define concepts and relationships that facilitate the use and exchange of linked (open) data for cultural heritage and historical research.

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This insightful collection highlights the ethical, legal and societal issues associated with the increasing role played by artificial intelligence (AI) in medical biobanks, a key research resource in the global study of disease prevention and improving individual care. Although AI has the potential to speed up health research, the book considers numerous questions that the technology poses, from the building of trust to the prevention of harm to individuals, vulnerable groups or entire populations. Examining the tension between scientific progress and safeguarding of individual rights, and covering key issues such as accountability, data bias, transparency, and liability, the book considers the legal landscape in which biobanks operate, and what layers of governance are required to oversee such an important resource in a fluid technological age. A timely volume that brings together scholars and experts from social sciences, ethics, and law, this important book will interest researchers and professionals in Biomedicine, Law, and the broader Health Sciences. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 4.0 license.

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This is an open access book. This volume critically examines challenges in the field of current and future military technology from a transdisciplinary lens. It helps objectify the debate around the development of Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS). The volume offers a differentiated, informed and open approach to military artificial intelligence (AI) applications in the public realm, in politics and in the military itself. The contributions weigh the risks that artificially intelligent automation, like any new technology, brings, against technological innovation and progress. They address the issues of testing new technologies, implementing them socially and reflecting on their use, along with questions of unintended consequences of such technologies. The volume is divided into three parts. The first discusses perspectives on AI; how AI systems are understood by the public, by soldiers, and in cultural discourses. The focus is on (but not limited to) military applications. The second part focuses on the challenges and changes posed by the use of AI in military conflicts and addresses issues of how to deal with them. The third part examines the communication challenges posed by the implementation of AI in the military and the associated opportunities and risks. This highly topical and timely volume is for researchers and students across disciplines who have an interest in military technology and those interested in AI and new technology.

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In the age of neural networks and the Internet of Things (IoT), the search for new neural network architectures capable of operating on devices with limited computing power and small memory size is becoming an urgent agenda. This reprint focuses on recent developments in the organization of artificial intelligence (AI) on edge devices for various IoT-enabled smart applications and starts with the illustration of achievements in smart healthcare services. Digitalization of healthcare driven by the IoT and AI leads to the effective use of sensors, enabling various parameters of the human body to be instantly tracked and processed in daily life. The concept of machine learning sensors is applied to the diagnosis of COVID-19 as an IoT application in healthcare and ambient assisted living. Wearable sensors and IoT-enabled technologies also look promising for monitoring motor activity and gait in Parkinson's disease patients. IoT devices with AI can be effectively used in speech recognition and environmental monitoring, for detecting distracting actions in driver activities and for lifesaving applications such as child drowning prevention systems. Smart disaster rescue is an interesting development of a wearable device for search dogs that recognizes the behavior of a dog when a victim is found, using deep learning models. This reprint illustrates advanced cases of using AI technology for IoT-enabled smart applications.

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Progress in information technology has fostered a global explosion of data generation. Accumulated big data are now estimated to be 4.4 zettabytes in the digital universe; and trends predict an exponential increase in the future. Health data are gathered from professional routine care and other expanded sources including the social determinants of health, such as Internet of Things. Biomedical research has recently moved through three stages in digital healthcare: (1) data collection; (2) data sharing; and (3) data analytics. With the explosion of stored health data, dental medicine is edging into its fourth stage of digitization using new technologies including augmented and virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and blockchain. Big data collaborations involve interactions between a diverse range of stakeholders with analytical, technical and political focus. In oral healthcare, data technology has many areas of application: prognostic analysis and predictive modeling, the identification of unknown correlations of diseases, clinical decision support for novel treatment concepts, public health surveys and population-based clinical research, as well as the evaluation of healthcare systems. The objective of this Special Issue is to provide an update on the current knowledge with state-of-the-art theory and practical information on human and social perspectives that determine the uptake of technological innovations in big data science in the field of dental medicine. Moreover, it will focus on the identification of future research needs to manage the continuous increase in health data and to accomplish its clinical translation for patient-centered research and personalized dentistry. This Special Issue welcomes all types of studies and reviews considering the perspectives of different stakeholders on technological innovations for big data science in all dental disciplines. Kind regards,

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This open access book constitutes revised selected papers from the Second International Conference on Bridging the Gap between AI and Reality, AISoLA 2024, which took place in Crete, Greece, in October/November 2024. The papers included in this book extend the presentation in the AISoLA 2024 on-site proceedings. They focus on the following topics: AI-Assisted Programming; health care approaches using formal methods and AI; responsible and trusted AI: an interdisciplinary perspective; statistical model checking; and verification for neur-symbolic artificial intelligence.

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Data integrity is the quality, reliability, trustworthiness, and completeness of a data set, providing accuracy, consistency, and context. Data quality refers to the state of qualitative or quantitative pieces of information. Over five sections, this book discusses data integrity and data quality as well as their applications in various fields.

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This reprint focusses on Smartness, a multidisciplinary topic, which is examined from four perspectives: Sensors, IoT, and Data Generation; Data and Information Processing; Actuation; and Digital Systems and Infrastructure. We see smartness in the way sensing is embedded in a system, the way data and information are processed, how a system interacts internally and with its environment, and whether a system is ubiquitous or limited by space (cloud-based or edge-enabled). This reprint contains a total of 14 chapters, which are grouped according to their areas of application: mobility and transportation, healthcare, industrial environments, and other urban infrastructures. This book covers a range of topics, including mobility; healthcare; image analysis; permeable pavements; solid-waste management; sensor node and gateway architectures; cloud, fog, and edge computing; air-quality monitoring; thermal anomalies and smart helmets in industrial environments; smart airports; smart districts; smart travel choices; sensor cities; artificially intelligent cities; platform urbanism; and more.

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What does human enhancement technology (HET) and artificial intelligence (AI) have to do with religion? This book explores, specifically, the intersection of HET and AI with spiritual health, Christianity, and ethics. The exploration strengthens an emergent, robust body of publications about human enhancement ethics. What does it mean to make us “better” must also address the potential spiritual implications. Concern for spiritual health promises to make the study of religion and human enhancement ethics increasingly pressing in the public sphere. Some of the most significant possible and probable spiritual impacts of HET and AI are probed. Topics include warfare, robots, chatbots, moral bioenhancement, spiritual psychotherapy, superintelligence, ecology, fasting, and psychedelics. Two sections comprise this book: one addresses spirituality in relation to HETs and AI, and one addresses Christianity in relation to HETs and AI.

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This book provides a nuanced exploration of contemporary digital data governance, highlighting the importance of cooperation across sectors and disciplines in order to adapt to a rapidly evolving technological landscape. Most of the theory around global digital data governance remains scattered and focused on specific actors, norms, processes, or disciplinary approaches. This book argues for a polycentric approach, allowing readers to consider the issue across multiple disciplines and scales. Polycentrism, this book argues, provides a set of lenses that tie together the variety of actors, issues, and processes intertwined in digital data governance at subnational, national, regional, and global levels. Firstly, this approach uncovers the complex array of power centers and connections in digital data governance. Secondly, polycentric perspectives bridge disciplinary divides, challenging assumptions and drawing together a growing range of insights about the complexities of digital data governance. Bringing together a wide range of case studies, this book draws out key insights and policy recommendations for how digital data governance occurs and how it might occur differently. Written by an international and interdisciplinary team, this book will be of interest to students and scholars in the field of development studies, political science, international relations, global studies, science and technology studies, sociology, and media and communication studies.

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The development of new technologies based on artificial intelligence and computer vision, together with the possibility of connecting different devices together in real-time, has enabled the development and progress of intelligent video surveillance. Thanks to IoT technologies, high-resolution cameras can be networked to monitor their territory, collect recordings and have them analyzed by artificial intelligence systems trained to identify critical situations. This book discusses new achievements in intelligent video surveillance solutions and their future prospects.

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This unique open access volume represents an interdisciplinary dialog with top-class researchers and practitioners on the Artificial Intelligence revolution. The contributions derive from structured interviews with community leaders who examine recent developments in AI and offer predictions about its impact on science, technology, business, and society. The interviewees, leading thinkers and practitioners from fields such as Computer Science, Software Engineering, Philosophy, Psychology, and Law, gathered at the multidisciplinary event AISoLA, where they discussed developments in AI technologies, tools, and research, and these exchanges were shaped into this coherent survey. In the debates surrounding the rapid advancement of AI it’s clear that while there is much sharing of ideas, in fact true cooperation and alignment is rare, most fields still operate in silos. Given the pervasive nature of AI, it’s critical that we move forward carefully to ensure that our decisions and progress are well-considered. This book serves as a call to action, reminding us of our collective responsibility to shape the future. The authors offer points of agreement and contrast, the reader will better understand how we may still maintain control over technological progress in AI and its societal impact.

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This reprint includes 22 research papers and an editorial, collected from the Special Issue "Modelling, Monitoring, Control and Optimization for Complex Industrial Processes", highlighting recent research advances and emerging research directions in complex industrial processes. This reprint aims to promote the research field and benefit the readers from both academic communities and industrial sectors.

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Global food production is in jeopardy as potential yields are reaching saturation and biotic and abiotic pressures proliferate both spatially and temporally, unable to keep pace with population growth. In order to address the climate crisis and the loss of agrobiodiversity while ensuring sustainable food security, it has become essential to mobilize trans-disciplinary enterprises that promote integrative agendas amongst the otherwise fragmented fields of molecular genetics, plant breeding, genetic conservation, physiology, ecology, seed delivery, and food policy.

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Global competition has caused fundamental changes in the competitive environment of the manufacturing and service industries. Firms should develop strategic objectives that, upon achievement, result in a competitive advantage in the market place. The forces of globalization on one hand and rapidly growing marketing opportunities overseas, especially in emerging economies on the other, have led to the expansion of operations on a global scale. The book aims to cover the main topics characterizing operations management including both strategic issues and practical applications. A global environmental business including both manufacturing and services is analyzed. The book contains original research and application chapters from different perspectives. It is enriched through the analyses of case studies.

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This Proceedings book presents papers from the 39th International Workshop on Bayesian Inference and Maximum Entropy Methods in Science and Engineering, MaxEnt 2019. The workshop took place at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics in Garching near Munich, Germany, from 30 June to 5 July 2019, and invited contributions on all aspects of probabilistic inference, including novel techniques, applications, and work that sheds new light on the foundations of inference. Addressed are inverse and uncertainty quantification (UQ) and problems arising from a large variety of applications, such as earth science, astrophysics, material and plasma science, imaging in geophysics and medicine, nondestructive testing, density estimation, remote sensing, Gaussian process (GP) regression, optimal experimental design, data assimilation, and data mining.

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This book focuses on both fundamental and applied research on nanogenerators. The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is based on expanded Maxwell’s equations for a mechano-driven system, including the polarization density term Ps in a displacement vector owing to the electrostatic charges on medium surfaces as produced by effects such as triboelectrification. The TENGs have potential applications in blue energy, wearable devices, environmental protectioin, medical science, and security. Hybridized and coupled nanogenerators further expand the application of nanogenerators in energy stability and multi-functional sensing.

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The notion of smart and sustainable cities offers an integrated and holistic approach to urbanism by aiming to achieve the long-term goals of urban sustainability and resilience. In essence, a smart and sustainable city is an urban locality that functions as a robust system of systems with sustainable practices to generate desired outcomes and futures for all humans and non-humans. This book contributes to improving research and practice in smart and sustainable metropolitan as well as regional cities and urbanism by bringing together literature reviews and scholarly perspective pieces, forming an open access knowledge warehouse. It contains contributions that offer insights into research and practice in smart and sustainable metropolitan and regional cities by producing in-depth conceptual debates and perspectives, insights from the literature and best practice, and thoroughly identified research themes and development trends. This book serves as a repository of relevant information, material, and knowledge to support research, policymaking, practice, and the transferability of experiences to address challenges in establishing smart and sustainable metropolitan as well as regional cities and urbanism in the era of climate change, biodiversity collapse, natural disasters, pandemics, and socioeconomic inequalities.

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Satellite radar altimetry, as one of the basic space measurement techniques intended primarily for solving global geoscientific tasks by means of radar measurements from satellites towards the Earth, has become, primarily due to its accuracy, a key spatial technique for observing the ocean surface as well as many aspects of the land surface. During the last more than three decades, satellite altimetry has revolutionized the geosciences, especially oceanography, geophysics, and geodesy, enabling a much better understanding of the shape of the Earth’s sea level and its changes over time. In this way, it is possible to monitor natural- and human-induced changes in the balance of water masses. For researchers in the field of geosciences, satellite radar altimetry ensures the collection of high-precision global data of uniform accuracy on sea level and therefore is essential for quality unification of vertical height systems, regional and global geoid and gravity, as well as bathymetry modelling, monitoring the impact of sea level rise as well as the vertical movement of the Earth’s crust in coastal areas, ice melting detection, and more, all of which have a significant impact on climate and environmental studies. This book provides an up-to-date overview of the technology itself and some recent developments in using altimeter data to determine sea-level changes and sea-level variability, modelling marine bathymetry from satellite altimeter-derived gravity data, including the related issue of solving terrain corrections for gravity reduction, as well as the possibility of applying artificial intelligence in the monitoring of Earth’s changes.

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This reprint presents a collection of original research and survey articles that tackle the practical challenges in large-scale and rapid deployment of sensors for diverse applications as well as the resulting Big Data processing. The complexity of the generated data ranges from large-scale sensor networks to smartphone-enabled citizen sensing data from social networks and personal health devices, which requires advanced data processing, mining and fusion methods. Solutions listed in this book include those that address issues of the interoperability of IoT solutions and data fragmentation through crawling, indexing and searching IoT data sources and the predictive maintenance of sensors. Social networks are also in scope, through a visualisation system for the analysis of anomalies in social graphs, detecting context-aware sociability patterns and assessing the effectiveness of fine tuning and pretrained word embedding in generating interpretable topics from short texts in social networks. Applications in scope include smart tourism, fall detection through personal health sensors and an energy management expert assistant.

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In the age of rapid technological advancements, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and large language models (LLMs) in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education has emerged as a transformative force, reshaping pedagogical approaches and assessment methodologies. This book, comprising twenty-six chapters, delves deep into the multifaceted realm of AI-driven STEM education. It begins by exploring the challenges and opportunities of AI-based STEM education, emphasizing the intricate balance between human tasks and technological tools. As the chapters unfold, readers learn about innovative AI applications, from automated scoring systems in biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and engineering to intelligent tutors and adaptive learning. The book also touches upon the nuances of AI in supporting diverse learners, including students with learning disabilities, and the ethical considerations surrounding AI's growing influence in educational settings. It showcases the transformative potential of AI in reshaping STEM education, emphasizing the need for adaptive pedagogical strategies that cater to diverse learning needs in an AI-centric world. The chapters further delve into the practical applications of AI, from scoring teacher observations and analyzing classroom videos using neural networks to the broader implications of AI for STEM assessment practices. Concluding with reflections on the new paradigm of AI-based STEM education, this book serves as a comprehensive guide for educators, researchers, and policymakers, offering insights into the future of STEM education in an AI-driven world.

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Contemporary exploitation of natural raw materials by borehole, opencast, underground, seabed, and anthropogenic deposits is closely related to, among others, geomechanics, automation, computer science, and numerical methods. More and more often, individual fields of science coexist and complement each other, contributing to lowering exploitation costs, increasing production, and reduction of the time needed to prepare and exploit the deposit. The continuous development of national economies is related to the increasing demand for energy, metal, rock, and chemical resources. Very often, exploitation is carried out in complex geological and mining conditions, which are accompanied by natural hazards such as rock bursts, methane, coal dust explosion, spontaneous combustion, water, gas, and temperature. In order to conduct a safe and economically justified operation, modern construction materials are being used more and more often in mining to support excavations, both under static and dynamic loads. The individual production stages are supported by specialized computer programs for cutting the deposit as well as for modeling the behavior of the rock mass after excavation in it. Currently, the automation and monitoring of the mining works play a very important role, which will significantly contribute to the improvement of safety conditions. In this Special Issue of Energies, we focus on innovative laboratory, numerical, and industrial research that has a positive impact on the development of safety and exploitation in mining.

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